Rock mass grouting in Sweden and Norway A matter of cultural differences or factual causes?

Journal article, 2014

There are some distinct differences between the practices of rock mass grouting in Sweden and Norway. The Swedish approach is to a large extent theoretically based, whereas, the Norwegian approach is to a large extent empirical based. The Norwegian approach was developed during extensive tunneling for hydroelectric power development in a context where the practical aspects governed the grouting and then it moved to urban tunnels. The Swedish approach has been directly applied in urban tunneling and lots of experience on extreme tight requirements from the underground storage of radioactive waste has been included. The Norwegian approach is based on close cooperation at the tunnel face and customizing the works according to the encountered conditions. The Norwegian approach is synonymous with high pressure grouting. The Swedish approach applies low to moderate grout pressure. The Swedish approach uses contract type based on the amount invested.